The 4-contact points of software development 178
- Write no production code without a failing test
- Write just enough of a test to fail
- Write just enough production code to get the test to pass
This list doesn’t include refactoring, which is typically an assumed activity. In fact, some people refer to these rules as “red, green, refactor”. An even older version of this, from the Smalltalk community, is Red, Green, Blue. (Why Blue for refactor? I think someone was thinking RBG for a color space, luckily they didn’t try to use CMYK or LAB!)
In this simple model, there two kinds of code: test & production. There are two kinds of activity: writing & refactoring. Interestingly, at one level it is all code. The thing that distinguishes both sets is intent.
The intent of a test is to demonstrate or maybe specify behavior. The intent of production code is to implement (hopefully) business-relevant functionality.
The intent of writing code is creation. The intent of refactoring code is to change (hopefully improve) its structure without changing its behavior (this is oversimplified but essentially correct).
If you mix those combinations you have the 4-limbs of development:- Writing a test
- Writing production code
- Refactoring a test
- Refactoring production code
An important behavior to practice is doing only one of these at a time. That is, when you are writing tests, don’t also write production code. Sure, you might use tools to stub out missing methods and classes, but the heart of what you are doing is writing a test. Finish that train of thought before focusing on writing production code.
On the other hand, if you are refactoring production code, do just that. Don’t change tests at the same time, try to only do one refactoring at a time, etc.
WHY?
First an analogy that almost always misses since most developers don’t additionally rock climb.
When rock climbing, a good general bit of advice is to only move one contact point at a time. For this discussion, consider your two hands and two feet as your four contact points. Sure, you can use your face or knee, but neither are much fun. So just considering two hands and two feet, that suggests that if, for example, you move your right hand, then leave your left hand and both feet in place.
This gives you stability, a chance to easily recover by simply moving the most recent appendage back in place and, when the inevitable happens, another appendage slips, you have a better chance of not eating rock face. If you move more than one thing at a time, you are in more danger because you’ve taken a risky action and reduced the number of points of contact, or stability.
Will you sometimes move multiple appendages? Sure. But not as a habit. Sometimes you need to take risks. The rock face may not always offer up movement patterns that make applying this recommendation possible. Since you know the environment will occasionally work against you, you need to maintain some slack for the inevitable.
Practicing Test Driven Development is similar. If you change production code and tests at the same time, what happens if a test fails? What is wrong? The production code, the test, both, neither? An even more subtle problem is that tests pass but the test is fragile or heavily implementation-dependent. While not necessarily an immediate threat, it represents design debt that will eventually cause problems. (This also happens frequently when tests are written after the production code as it’s seductively easy to write tests that exercise code, expressing the production’s code implementation but fundamentally hiding the intent.)
Notice, if you had only refactored code, then you know the problem is in one place. When you change both, the problem space actually goes from 1 to 3 (4 if you allow for neither). Furthermore, if you are changing both production and test code at the same time and you get to a point where you’ve entered a bottomless pit, you’ll end up throwing away more work if you choose to restore from the repository.
Are there going to be times when you change both? Sure. Sometimes you may not see a clear path that gives you the option to do only one thing at a given time. Sometimes the tests and code will work against you. Often, you’ll be working in a legacy code base where there are no tests. Given that the environment will occasionally (or frequently) work against you, you need to maintain some slack.
Essentially, be focused on a single goal at any given time: write a test. then get it to pass. clean up production code & keep the tests first unchanging and then passing.
I find that this is a hard thing both to learn and to apply. I frequently jump ahead of myself. Unfortunately I’m “lucky” enough when I do jump ahead that when I fail, I thoroughly fall flat on my face.
This approach is contextual (aren’t they all?). Every time you start working on code, you’ll be faced with these four possibilities. Each time you are, you need to figure out what is the most important thing in the moment, and do that one thing. Once you’ve taken care of the most important thing, you may have just promoted the second most important thing to first place. Even so, reassess. What is the most important thing now? Do that.
Good luck trying to apply this idea to your development work. I’m interesting in hearing about it.
I was going to talk about your post in terms of climbing but you beat me to that analogy! There’s a fifth limb (ghost limb?) where tests fail only on the continuous integration server, nowhere else, at all. It’s only happened once but it sets the other four limbs flailing!
And there is, of course, the sixth limb (the ghost’s ghost limb?), where tests fail only on production, typically due to enviroment differences between production and the ci server. It is even more horrible because it usually requires production data to find out what combination of values triggered the bug.
Having a test enviroment as similar as production helps a lot with that. But those are not TDD issues anymore, are they?
Regards
There’s another principle underlying both of these…
Always find new ways to screw up.
When something fails on the CI server, find out why and make that mistake not possible again. Same comment on production servers.
Always strive to commit new mistakes rather than repeatedly committing the sames one again and again.
hello Brett, you know as I read your post the thought of ‘only doing one of the four, yeah, that’s obvious’ crossed my mind but then after a little more thought I realised it’s maybe not that obvious…
I’ve seen a couple of other people (not me) messing with both test and code at the same time and it’s because the test was wrong to begin with or actually that be because the test was too big! and they didn’t know it was wrong or too big until the code was being developed.
Then development became a sort of synchronisation technique/process where the code was changed to try and pass the current test and the test changed to make it pass the current code (yeah nasty).
Maybe the smell of doing more than one of the four is an indication of a large test; possibly an integration test.
Great article! It’s funny how when you read something it sounds like common sense and then, like Derek said, it hits you and you say “oh crap…”. I recall myself doing this on multiple occasions all of which, now that I think about it, resulted in me giving up, reverting my work, and returning to do exactly as you described: move ‘one limb at a time’. Hopefully this article sticks in my mind so I can catch myself early next time.
TDD & Rock Climbing – Excellent analogy
I tempt to relate this to SRP – “Single Responsibility Principle” https://objectmentor.com/resources/articles/srp.pdf
SRP says “there should never be more than one reason for a class to change”. Similarly, at any point of time there should be only one reason for a code to change. It is one of those four you mentioned: (1)Write tests,(2) Make failing test pass, (3)Refactor code or (4)Refactor tests. Preferably after that change one should also commit to VCS (at least the local branch).
This works like magic. It relieves stress & makes programming a pure joy. It lets the programmer to get more aggressive.
However it took a lot of efforts for me to adopt this practice. It’s about resisting the temptation. Temptation to write production code before writing a test, temptation to make a fail test pass & refactor at the same & so on…
Manoj,
Yes, commit code often!) Let the tools work for you. This drives people crazy who don’t like to update often, but I’m OK with people suffering!)
Now on to something much more serious. The sprit of your definition for SRP is correct. The wording is different, it is:Have a look at http://butunclebob.com/ArticleS.UncleBob.PrinciplesOfOod
Unfortunately the name is wrong!-) And it’s been misstated all over the web!
Hi, Brett.
Thanks for the fine article.
I’m strongly opposed to TDD but we’ll not grind that axe here.
You mention, “Write no production code without a failing test.” That seems a signature law of TDD, elegantly stated.
Can you define what unit of production code you write tests for?
For example, which of the following would be most accurate:
1) Write a failing test for each statement/expression of production code. 2) Write a failing test for each line of production code. 3) Write a failing test for each method/function of production code. 4) Write a failing test for each class of production code. 5) Write a failing test for each production code requirement.
Thanks again for the great post.
That quote, I think, is Uncle Bob’s, so I cannot take credit for it.
Regarding the unit of production code I write tests for…
None of the above, though if I have to pick from your list I sort of like #5 ignoring the granularity issue. A pithy answer is “whatever seems to fit right now”, that is I don’t worry about it too much, I just try to write things based on intent (as close to business as possible) not implementation, to have better-aging tests.
While I personally have a pretty specific idea of how I define “unit” as in “unit tests”, I don’t always use that as the particular thing I test. Also, to be clear, while I prefer TDD myself, I’m more concerned about automated tests – a safety net. I don’t always practice TDD, but I’ve been test infected since 1997, so I write automated tests using some unit testing framework – even if those tests are not unit tests. If someone happens to write well behaved tests that age well, I don’t care about the particulars of how they accomplished it. So I see TDD as a means to an end. The end I care about is automated tests. And really, even that depends. If I’m writing something that I’m going to use 5 times and then move on, then I might spot check rather than write automated tests. Context. Context. Context. I think it is possible for someone with experience to write code without tests that can be tested. However, I think writing the tests first will certainly make that easier.
Here’s how I think of a unit (and remember, I don’t always test in terms of units, I’ll often test larger things than what I’d call a unit).
Imagine a single path of execution through the code. There is some starting point and that starting point could be a function, or it could be a method; let’s keep it simple and just think about structured or OO languages. A true unit test begins just outside the thing being tested and it fully controls any paths that leave that thing being tested. More concretely, imagine writing a test against a public (instance) method on a class. If that method makes use of any other objects or external resources, a unit test will fully control those external dependencies. If a given path uses internal methods, I generally won’t worry about that inasmuch as those internals won’t over time change and lead to failing tests, though I might consider calling internal (or even public) methods on the same instance as “leaving” the unit. I will also apply this idea to dependent objects. If a dependent object is not likely to cause tests to break, I’ll probably use it. So, for example, a method that uses a dependent, but data-only object, I might just write the test using that real object. That makes it bigger than a unit test, but this doesn’t bother me. A true unit test will not use the real data-only object but will use a test double. This is going towards the mockist thinking. I’ll do that. Sometimes I’ll do it on a whim, sometimes I’ll do it because it wasn’t causing problems and then it does.
When I write tests, I’ll balance the risk of controlling an external dependency versus the chance that it could change and cause a test to break. For something like a database that is owned by another group, I’m going to use a test double. For a domain object that I wrote, I probably won’t – though I might.
Now I’m not a big fan of testing a single method if that single method doesn’t address actual business value (thus I’m moving towards your #5 option). When I can write a test that validates some logical path through the system and it has been written sufficiently to be able to introduce test doubles where appropriate, I might start with something bigger than a unit test. If the underlying logic is complex then I’d more likely to move towards more unit-ish tests. However, if the underlying logic is ill defined, I might stick with tests that cover only what I think is stable.
I generally like to think about testing logical paths through a system – think about something like logical cyclometic complexity – but instead of implemented paths I want to think of business-oriented or logical paths. If requirements are written as use cases, then I want to write tests for each of the scenarios and each of the parts within a scenario that might vary. If it happens that there are common parts to various scenarios (e.g., validation) then those will probably become their own tests and my various scenario tests will not test, say, validation. But I will need to write different tests for each of the possible validation outcomes as they vary by scenario. Examples might be: all pass, pass with single warning, pass with multiple warning, fail with single error, fail with multiple errors, system-level errors, etc.
If requirements are written as stories, I’ll take a similar mentality.
In general, I like to start by applying modus ponens-based partitioning (A implies B. A therefore B) of the test space. This, plus looking for different equivalence classes is a good starting point for the obvious stuff. However, since I tend to use dependency injection, that presents the possibility that a given system may not be able to be fully connected, so I will need some fully connected tests. I might use a unit testing tool for those tests, but I probably won’t make them a requirement to be executed prior to checkin. I will want them to support multiple people running them at the same time on the same machine (heavy test isolation).
Another input into what I’m doing is my grasp of the domain, the requirements and the underlying implementation technology. The more I more the domain and the requirements, the larger I might start with tests (working out to in). If I don’t know the implementation technology, then I might start with a simple abstraction layer (applying protected variation to my design). Also, have I done the problem before? Do I have a decent idea of the kinds of ways in which this particular problem might require flexibility? The more I know, the bigger steps I might take.
And another thing… Is the project doing so-called agile modeling? Are we doing OOA, OOD? If so – and I’m happy to do so – then I’m not doing TDD but TFD.
This scratches the surface of how I think about the target production code of my tests. Fundamental is the idea of logical paths. Then the question is how big is the path, how many collaborators does it involve, how many of the collaborators do I plan create test doubles for.
I can’t agree more! :)
In another words, you want the programmer to be a bit more disciplined (in some contexts, of course).
I am very interested on effects of not doing TDD as Kent Beck described it in his book. For example, if you don’t see the test pass before write the production code or if you don’t make your test pass before start a refactoring. If you really follow those steps, you may end up, in your words, “moving only one contact-point at time”.
I presented a paper on TDD2010 just about the common mistakes programmers do when practicing TDD (and I had the pleasure to talk with Feathers about it, which was very valuable). Now I just need some time to do some experiments about it and see the results.
As soon as I have something, I will send it to you.
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I’m strongly opposed to TDD but we’ll not grind that axe here.
You mention, “Write no production code without a failing test.” That seems a signature law of TDD, elegantly stated.
Can you define what unit of production code you write tests for??
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The advice to only refactor one thing at a time is certainly wise – don’t try and refactor the test at the same time as the production code. Believe me, I’ve been there, and things get in a mess pretty quick!
Sounds pretty dogmatic. 4 rules of this or that. Just be pragmatic and get on with it.
Four pillars for a strong building….
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Having a test enviroment as similar as production helps a lot with that. But those are not TDD issues anymore, are they?
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