Injecting Those Dependencies 171
Last week I was teaching a class with a good group of C++ developers in Chicago. They were up on C++, current standardization efforts, virtual machines, performance analysis and tuning. At one point I mentioned a metric for virtual method dispatch on the JVM and one of the students used my numbers to work backwards to determine the number of instructions on different processors.
I was teaching our Working Effectively with Legacy Code class. Michael Feathers usually teaches this class, but he was busy (probably working with legacy code somewhere, which, ironically, is why he wrote the book – to solve the problem once and for all and to stop working with legacy code).
public void addEvent(Event event) {
event.added();
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}The display object is associated with a real device (OK, not in our simulation, but you get the point). We need to fix that dependency.
So we traditionally talk about a few ways to address that:- Create an interface and then have a concrete and test-double implementation
- Create a test subclass
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~Scheduler();
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private:
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};- Link seam: link in a different version of SchedulerDisplay
- Compiler seam: use a template parameter
- Dynamic seam: create a test subclass that removes external dependency
- Dynamic seam: extract an interface from existing concrete class, and make Scheduler depend on the new interface.
For C++, the first option might be a good option if it allows a very quick build/test cycle. Imagine using a class that brings in several unwanted dependencies. By making a test version replacement and linking to it, you might be able to get up and running quickly. On the other hand, you have to have a custom build target, which is really outside of the language.
The second option is good for C++ and maybe C#, but not Java. Java’s implementation of generics is so bad, that it requires an interface for this particular case, so you end up with the final option anyway. Using templates puts the seam into the language rather than the build system. It will affect clients because either:- They will have to provide a template parameter
- Or, by providing a default value for the template parameter, clients will be aware of a class they were not previously aware of. Still, a viable option, but it will increase build time at least a little.
The third option may not work in any language without changing the original problem code. Imagine a no argument constructor that performs some static initialization. Without changing the constructor, you cannot guarantee that this approach will work. In any case, the problem as presented requires a change since the constructor was doing the initialization of the display; it did not allow for dependency injection.
The final option requires a bit more change, but is pretty flexible if you can afford the virtual method overhead. In Java this isn’t much of an issue (for a number of reasons, mostly related to effective JIT optimization). The cost is a bit more of a problem in C++ because introducing a first virtual method is a big deal. Personally, I don’t work on embedded systems, so I can generally ignore that problem. But this is not something to simply ignore, context does matter.
So which option is the best?
None of the above.
As a developer, you should probably be aware of all of these options (or maybe not the template option of you’re strictly a Java developer). Then, when you are faced with a legacy coding problem, you’ll have more tools from which to choose.
It seems to me the main problem is that the class that contains addEvent() should not know about displays or mail services. I would rewrite it to support listeners or fire an EventAdded event whenever something happens and then have the mail service and the display declare interest in such events.
This is interesting to me because I’ve been unit testing in C++ for about a year and a half now (after a year and a half in C#). I’m curious, why is introducing a first virtual method a big deal? It’s my understanding that this was how you make “interfaces” in C++, pure virtual functions:
The first method (if I understand your explanation correctly) is how we do it. If we need to get in the middle of some operation, such as writing output, we encapsulate that behavior and pass in the concrete implementation in the real application, but in unit test code we pass in a “fake” version of it. It contains all the same interfaces but it allows us to capture state, method calls, etc.
However, this doesn’t come without cost. Because C++ has no nice things like RhinoMocks (oh how I miss thee) we need to build all our “fake” classes by hand. I’ve seen GoogleMock but I haven’t taken the time to learn it. Do you have any experience with it? Also, we call them “Fake” but they’re really just mocks.
@Cedric: Sure, but this is about legacy code, where the goal is to get existing code under test while making the minimum number of changes. Then you can go about making larger refactorings like you describe.
I just ran into a similar problem in some legacy Objective-C code. There was a singleton being called like so:
That’s a pretty common Objective-C idiom for singletons. I was dealing with it via a link seam, but I forsee a problem. Eventually I’m gonna want to get Scheduler itself under test, and now I’ll need a third build target, one that tests scheduler. In a codebase with a lot of these I’ve potentially got a lot of little build targets to create, and now my build times grow…..
I’m not sure that I had a point to this post – but it’s something worth keeping in mind with link seams.
I find when working with legacy code, option 4 suits 99.9% of cases where I want to introduce some form of regression guard tests. I use a variant to provide optional injection:
I.e. (C#)
private IMailService _mailService = null; public IMailService MailService { get { return _mailService ?? NS.MailService.Instance; } set { _mailService = value; } }
Where NS is the namespace to the original Singleton. This provides a very low impact solution to being able to inject depenedencies with minimal impact. 1) Extract & implement interface from/in Singleton. 2) Replace references to the singleton/private instance with the MailService property. 3) Introduce test stubs for test via the setter.
In cases where performance is key there’s nothing stopping you from setting the private member for later retrieval in the getter if #null.
Cedric,
Sure, the observer pattern is another option. I might even consider it later, but I don’t think I’d start with it.
I think I mentioned this was in a class on working with legacy code, so this code has no tests. Our first goal is to make it testable. While the observer pattern does allow for it, it also changes the behavior more than the other options I’ve listed.
So I might consider that after I’ve done enough to write tests, and I’ve got tests written.
Brett,
As long as there is only one implementation of some interface in a running system, a decent JIT should have no trouble devirtualizing the call and inlining through it, and the runtime can recover (and get slower) if another implementation is loaded afterward. This is especially true if the interface in question is an argument to the method making the call; see: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.9784
So, if you’re talking about having one implementation for production systems and others used only for testing, you should find that performance isn’t a problem. Of course, modern Java apps are incredibly complex, so your mileage may vary.
Patric,
I wrote:That’s what I was alluding to. In the JVM, there’s really no runtime performance cost to introduce a interface so long as there is just the one concrete implementation loaded by the vm.
Even if multiple implementations are loaded, but one dominates, the cost can be removed (vm flag to server-side optimizer I believe).
However, the same cannot be said for C++.
To be clear, my default preference is to introduce the C++ “interface” – all pure virtual methods with the destructor implemented as well. But that does introduce a vtable and a vtable pointer. Also, for it to be effective, the call must be to a pointer or a reference. So while I don’t consider adding such changes unreasonable by default (though in some situations I can image it being so), it is not as costless as it is in say Java.
I also forgot to mention that there’s also preprocessor trickery as well (a macro such as TEST_VIRTUAL that is either virtual or blank based on why it is being compiled).
@Brett
We’ve tried the preprocessor trick but a lot of people didn’t like it. They felt like it made the code less readable. I’m inclined to agree.
Also, I take back what I said earlier about being our preference. We either
a) Extract the dependency out to an interface (purely abstract class) b) Make the would-be concrete implementation the “base class” and have our mock simply override all the necessary methods. Granted, this can be dangerous and confusing if you mess something up. Plus your mocks don’t fail to compile if you add new interfaces to your concrete implementation, but not your mock, like it would with an interface.
After describing it further…I think ‘a’ our default choice.
@Matt,
That’s good to know. In fact, most of the places I have gone that use C++ are not doing embedded work (or are, but it’s not “that” embedded). This makes a) a good first chice.
As for the preprocessor hacks, I agree. There are times in Java where I want a pre-processor, but in general the use of the preprocessor can easily make code awful. Also, if you do have some refactoring tools (I’ve used a few for C++), they typically don’t mingle well with the preprocessor.
@Brett,
Well, if one subclass dominates, its methods can be inlined if they are guarded with a type test. The cost of the test is not zero, but I take your point.
Also don’t forget that loading the second implementation of a particular interface can invalidate a lot of code and lead to lots of recompiling.
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Michael Feather’s book on legacy code is really informative. I have gone through it . It helped me a lot in my work. In some cases it really solves the problem for once and all. The procedure of fixing the dependency is explained well in the article. All four methods are good on their place if they really help to fix the dependency at least a few times. But as a Java developer our dependency on only these four methods is not desirable.
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This is indeed a very good approach and it works pretty well with my application.
I was wondering how to use that in conjunction with Zend_Test_PHPUnit_ControllerTestCase. Now, where all controller dependencies are injected using a controller plugin at run time, it seems to be useful to inject mock objects of those dependencies when running a ControllerTestCase. Do you already found a smart way do this?
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I was dealing with it via a link seam, but I forsee a problem. Eventually I’m gonna want to get Scheduler itself under test, and now I’ll need a third build target, one that tests scheduler.
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From my point of view, it would be nice to directly inject those dependencies from tests’ setUp() method and not running do it via plugins.
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