I Hate Cutesy Phrases

I Hate Cutesy Phrases 133

Posted by Bob Koss Fri, 16 Jan 2009 16:55:00 GMT

I’m in a bad mood today. It’s 12 degrees below zero outside. My reward for an hour on the elliptical trainer at they gym yesterday was gaining another 0.5 lb. on the scale this morning. And looking at the futures market, my ever dwindling retirement funds are going to sink even lower this morning. I decided to focus my frustrations towards an attack on that cutesy little phrase that we all learned in OO 101, “IS-A”.

There was a recent blog posting making the rounds on Twitter earlier this week about the old “Is a Square a Rectangle?” problem. It’s a nice post and a quick read. Here’s the URL: http://21ccw.blogspot.com/2009/01/is-square-rectangle.html. The Square/Rectangle discussion was going on way back in the early 1990’s on Usenet and it’s still applicable today. When I’m teaching, I’ll transition to the topic of the Liskov Substitution Principle by asking the class the question, “Is a square a rectangle or is a rectangle a square?” (sometimes I’ll substitute circle and ellipse for square and rectangle, just for my own amusement). I’ll ask for a showing of hands, “How many people think that a square IS-A rectangle?” I’ll draw the UML for Square inheriting from Rectangle on the whiteboard as I start this topic. The reason I say this problem is still applicable today is that 99% of my students will raise their hands. The remaining 1% either don’t know, don’t care, or they are enlightened and know that it’s a trick question. After 15 years, I find it hard to believe that everybody programming in (strongly typed) OO languages doesn’t know how to look at this problem. On the other hand, I guess I should be happy as the ignorance that exists in our industry provides a steady stream of business for us.

My classes usually chuckle when I explain how I tricked them by using that cutesy little phrase “IS-A” as I draw the UML for inheritance on the whiteboard. I explain that there isn’t enough information in the question to give an answer. Before we can say whether or not a Square should inherit from a Rectangle, we must first specify the behavior of a Rectangle. We must know what a Rectangle object can do and we must know the expectations of the clients of Rectangle. I ask the class, “Can a Rectangle have its width set independently of its height?” Everybody agrees that setWidth() and setHeight() should be methods of Rectangle. The Liskov Substitution Principle says that if a Square is to inherit from Rectangle, a square object must also respond to setWidth() and setHeight() requests. Square can certainly override those methods so that when a client calls setWidth(), the setWidth() method sets both the width and the height, maintaining its squareness. Ditto for setHeight(). The crux of the matter comes down to the expectations of the clients of the base class Rectangle. If they are interacting with a Square object through the Rectangle interface, wouldn’t they be surprised if they called setWidth() and both dimensions of the target object changed? Sometimes the answer could be yes, sometimes it could be no – it depends upon the context.

We’ve come a long way from “IS-A”. Clearly the reasoning of an inheritance architecture is more involved than questioning if something “IS-A” something else, in some sense of the word. If we must use a cutesy phrase, a better one, and one that adheres to the Liskov Substitution Principle would be “Is Substitutable For”.

Before I joined Object Mentor, I used to work with a guy who actually taught “IS-A”. He was well respected in the organization (not by me, I thought of him as the village idiot) and would tell people to go through the requirements document looking for the phrase “is-a” between two nouns. The nouns are classes and the “IS-A” association signals the use of inheritance. How can anyone with the slightest modicum of intelligence believe that this could work? He was actually telling people to base the architecture of their systems upon the linguistic skills of whoever wrote the requirements document. I’m glad I don’t work there anymore.

Don’t even get me started on “HAS-A”.

Comments

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Ed 37 minutes later:

That, sir, was a great post.

And if there’s a causal connection between your moods and the quality of your articles, then may your moods mirror your plummeting pension stocks …
yachris about 3 hours later:

“IS-A” goes way back. It was used by the AI community for Frames “inheritance” (since Frames predate OO programming, I have “inheritance” in quotes. Twice. :-) ).

Anyway, one of the lights of the day, R. J. Brachman, wrote an article titled “What IS-A Is and Isn’t: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks” in 1983. He found (if memory serves, since the paper doesn’t appear to be freely available on the web) a total of 29 different meanings for the phrase “IS-A”.

Wow.

So yeah… English is kind of… problematic as an informal problem description language.
yachris about 3 hours later:

“IS-A” goes way back. It was used by the AI community for Frames “inheritance” (since Frames predate OO programming, I have “inheritance” in quotes. Twice. :-) ).

Anyway, one of the lights of the day, R. J. Brachman, wrote an article titled “What IS-A Is and Isn’t: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks” in 1983. He found (if memory serves, since the paper doesn’t appear to be freely available on the web) a total of 29 different meanings for the phrase “IS-A”.

Wow.

So yeah… English is kind of… problematic as an informal problem description language.
IainMH about 4 hours later:

Nice rant.

I think you should perhaps now look at Philip for a while though.

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=i9Hwn2DOgKo

I was taught Is-A at uni. And yes, one assignment was to go through some requirements and draw a UML diagram based on that.
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Intreresting read but my eyes are hurting. Can’t you make your font scalable (or bigger)?
Bob Saggett about 7 hours later:

Intreresting read but my eyes are hurting. Can’t you make your font scalable (or bigger)?
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+1 on the font thing.
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Agreed on the font issue. I’ll try to fix it this weekend or early next week.
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Hmmm… What if Rectangle didn’t have setWidth() and setHeight() methods? It might have, for example, setSide() and setAspectRatio() methods, where the setAspectRatio() of Square could throw an IllegalArgumentException for values other than 1.0. Just food for thought.

Though I’ve NEVER found a good use for a Square class, anyway. Maybe it’s just a silly example designed to trip up students.
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Throwing an exception in a subclass method is pretty common. The Java collections API allows this for some methods defined in interfaces that are considered “optional”. In Ruby, while “Object” defines a “clone” method, subclasses are free to throw exceptions if they don’t support it.

The problem of course is that there’s no real substitutability when this is allowed. You can’t get a collection of “rectangles” and expect to iterate through them and call “setAspectRatio” on all of them successfully.

I realize you can argue that sometimes this drawback is worth it for other benefits. Personally, I would prefer for APIs to leave off methods that are “optional” like this for subclasses, if there is no reasonable default behavior. For example, “toString” has a reasonable default. Instead, put the optional methods in a mixin module so they are only present when the user explicitly wants them. (Java users are SOL…)
Gaboto 3 days later:

I think that a square is a rectangle. Some people think that a square is not a rectangle because, when they are (wrongly) modeling the domain of the geometric figures, they give a rectangle the behaviour of changing its size. But it is wrong, a rectangle is a rectangle an it doesn´t change! The number 1 is the number 1, is doesnt become 2 or 3, it is 1, the object represent always the same thing. On the other hand, if you want something like a MutableSquare it will not be the same than a MutableRectangle. Because both have different rules to change their sizes. So they are different kind of objects, they have different behaviours.
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I think that a square is a rectangle. Some people think that a square is not a rectangle because, when they are (wrongly) modeling the domain of the geometric figures, they give a rectangle the behaviour of changing its size. But it is wrong, a rectangle is a rectangle an it doesn´t change! The number 1 is the number 1, is doesnt become 2 or 3, it is 1, the object represent always the same thing. On the other hand, if you want something like a MutableSquare it will not be the same than a MutableRectangle. Because both have different rules to change their sizes. So they are different kind of objects, they have different behaviours.
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You’re explanation was clear and concise. Thanks.
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From the other side, bad abstraction created because bad knowledge of Geometric aspect: square is-a rhombus (with angle = 90 degree), not is-a rectangle.

So, in C# i get:

abstract class Romb : GeometricFigure
{
public double SideLength { get; set; }
public double Angle { get; set; }
public Romb(double sideLength, double angle)
{
   SideLength = sideLength;
   Angle = angle;
}
 public double Area()
 {
     return Math.Pow(SideLength, 2) * Math.Sin(Angle);
 }
}

class Square : Romb
{
 public Square(int sideLength)
 : base(sideLength, 90)
 {
 }
}

What do you think about it?

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I Hate Cutesy Phrases 133

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