Testing GUIs Part II: JSP 159
How do you test JSPs outside the container, with no web server running…
Testing JSP pages.
One of the more annoying aspects of working on a web application is that you have to deploy it in order to test it. This doesn’t apply to everything of course; if you are careful with your design you can test the business rules in plain old java objects. You can test database access, interface layers, and stored procedures without the web server running. But testing the GUI – the HTML produced from the JSP files – is very hard to do unless the system has been deployed.
Lot’s of teams fall back on Selenium, Mercury, or other tools that test GUIs through the web server. However, this leads to very fragile tests that break when the format of a page changes, even though it’s content remains unchanged. Other teams solve the fragility problem by using Cactus, or the somewhat more primitive tools in HtmlUnit and HttpUnit, to inspect the generated HTML delivered to them by the running web application. We’ll talk about those techniques in another blog in this series.
In this article I will demonstrate a simple technique for testing JSP pages using JUnit and HtmlUnit, completely outside the container. The advantages of such a technique should be clear.
- You don’t have to have the container running, or even working. You can test your JSPs before you have even chosen a particular webserver.
- You can spin around the edit/compile/test loop much more quickly because you don’t have to redeploy after every edit.
- You can build your JSPs incrementally using Test Driven Development to guide their construction.
The reason that testing JSPs outside the container isn’t more common is because JSPs are designed to run inside the container. The designers never gave a lot of thought to running them outside the container. So the code generated by the JSP compiler depends on facilities supplied by the container. Even the tools that generate the JSP code expect that you already have a webapp that can be deployed. Therefore, in order to run outside the container, you somehow have to fake these facilities and tools.
Dependency Management Rant.
Compiling JSPs
The first step to testing JSPs is to compile them into servlets. To do that, we first have to translate them from JSP format to JAVA. The apache project provides a tool named Jasper that does this. Invoking Jasper on a JSP named MyPage.jsp creates a JAVA source file named MyPage_jsp.java. This file can then be compiled into a servlet using your favorite IDE. (Mine is IntelliJ).
Unfortunately Jasper was not designed to be run from the command line. Or rather, half of it was, and half of it wasn’t. Jasper does in fact have a main function that takes standard command line arguments. And it is feasible to issue the command java org.apache.jasper.JspC to invoke it. However, Jasper expects the environment it runs in to be consistent with the environment of the container. It expects many the apache JAR files to be in the CLASSPATH. It also expects to see a web.xml file that describes the web application, and it wants to see a WEB-INF directory with all the appropriate web application JAR files and TLD files present. In short, Jasper expects there to be a webapp.
To make matters worse, there appear to be bugs in the version of Jasper that I am using (tomcat 5.5.20) that cause it to generate slightly incorrect code unless it is invoked in a manner that is consistent with the way that TOMCAT invokes it.
The first issue is inconvenient but is just a matter of creating the appropriate directories and files and then invoking Jaser from ANT so that the classpaths are easy to control. The second issue required a fair bit of research and experimentation to get working right. But in the end, the following ant file seems to work quite nicely. Look at the last task to see theJspC invocation.
<project name="Library" default="compile" basedir=".">
<property environment="env"/>
<property name="build.home" value="${basedir}/build"/>
<property name="build.war.home" value="${build.home}/war"/>
<property name="build.classes.home" value="${build.home}/classes"/>
<property name="build.jar.home" value="${build.home}/jars"/>
<property name="catalina.home" value="${env.CATALINA_HOME}"/>
<property name="dist.home" value="${basedir}/dist"/>
<property name="web.home" value="${basedir}/web"/>
<path id="compile.classpath">
<fileset dir="lib">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<pathelement location="${catalina.home}/common/classes"/>
<fileset dir="${catalina.home}/common/endorsed">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<fileset dir="${catalina.home}/common/lib">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<pathelement location="${catalina.home}/shared/classes"/>
<fileset dir="${catalina.home}/shared/lib">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
</path>
<target name="clean">
<delete dir="${build.home}"/>
<delete dir="${dist.home}"/>
</target>
<target name="compile">
<mkdir dir="${build.classes.home}"/>
<javac srcdir="${src.home}" destdir="${build.classes.home}" excludes="**/*Test.java">
<classpath refid="compile.classpath"/>
</javac>
</target>
<target name="jar" depends="compile">
<mkdir dir="${build.jar.home}"/>
<jar jarfile="${build.jar.home}/application.jar" basedir="${build.classes.home}" includes="**/application/**/*.class" />
</target>
<target name="dist" depends="jar">
<copy todir="${build.war.home}">
<fileset dir="${web.home}"/>
</copy>
<copy todir="${build.war.home}/WEB-INF/lib">
<fileset dir="${build.jar.home}" includes="*.jar"/>
</copy>
<mkdir dir="${dist.home}"/>
<jar jarfile="${dist.home}/${app.name}.war" basedir="${build.war.home}"/>
</target>
<target name="jsp" depends="dist">
<delete dir="${basedir}/testjsp"/>
<java classname="org.apache.jasper.JspC" fork="true">
<arg line="-v -d ${basedir}/testjsp -p com.objectmentor.library.jsp -mapped -compile -webapp ${build.war.home}"/>
<arg line="WEB-INF/pages/patrons/books/loanRecords.jsp"/>
<classpath>
<fileset dir="${catalina.home}/common/lib">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<fileset dir="${catalina.home}/server/lib">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<fileset dir="${catalina.home}/bin">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<fileset dir="${build.war.home}/WEB-INF/lib">
<include name="*.jar"/>
</fileset>
<pathelement location="/Developer/Java/Ant/lib/ant.jar"/>
</classpath>
</java>
<jar jarfile="${build.jar.home}/jsp.jar" basedir="${basedir}/testjsp"
includes="**/jsp/**/*.class"
/>
</target>
</project>Of course you need all the standard files and directories beneath ${build.war.home} to make this work. If you are using custom tags in your JSPs, make sure you have all the appropriate TLD files in your tld directory.
Notice that the ANT file invokes the JspC command line, rather than using the JspC ant task that comes with TOMCAT. All the docs will tell you to use that ant task. However, I found that it doesn’t work well when you have custom tags. Maybe I’m just dumb, or maybe there is a bug in Jasper; but the only way I found to get Jasper to generate the right code was to invoke it from the command line and explicitly pass the JSP files in as command line argument!. If you depend on either the ant task or the command line to scan the whole web app for all the JSP files, it seems to generate the wrong code. (See: this blog)
Now that we have a JAVA file, let’s take a look at it. First, here’s the JSP file.
<%@ page import="com.objectmentor.library.utils.DateUtil" %>
<%@ page import="com.objectmentor.library.web.controller.patrons.LoanRecord" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.List" %>
<%
List loanRecords = (List) request.getAttribute("loanRecords");
if (loanRecords.size() > 0) {
%>
<table class="list" id="loanRecords">
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Due date</th>
<th>Fine</th>
</tr>
<%
for (int i = 0; i < loanRecords.size(); i++) {
LoanRecord loanRecord = (LoanRecord) loanRecords.get(i);
%>
<tr class="<%=i%2==0?"even":"odd"%>">
<td><%=loanRecord.id%>
</td>
<td><%=loanRecord.title%>
</td>
<td><%=DateUtil.dateToString(loanRecord.dueDate)%>
</td>
<td><%=loanRecord.fine.toString()%>
</td>
</tr>
<%
}
%>
</table>
<%
}
%>And here is the code that Jasper created from this file.
package com.objectmentor.library.jsp.WEB_002dINF.pages.patrons.books;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import com.objectmentor.library.utils.DateUtil;
import com.objectmentor.library.web.controller.patrons.LoanRecord;
import java.util.List;
public final class loanRecords_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {
private static java.util.List _jspx_dependants;
public Object getDependants() {
return _jspx_dependants;
}
public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws java.io.IOException, ServletException {
JspFactory _jspxFactory = null;
PageContext pageContext = null;
HttpSession session = null;
ServletContext application = null;
ServletConfig config = null;
JspWriter out = null;
Object page = this;
JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
try {
_jspxFactory = JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
response.setContentType("text/html");
pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
null, true, 8192, true);
_jspx_page_context = pageContext;
application = pageContext.getServletContext();
config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
session = pageContext.getSession();
out = pageContext.getOut();
_jspx_out = out;
out.write('\n');
out.write('\n');
out.write('\n');
List loanRecords = (List) request.getAttribute("loanRecords");
if (loanRecords.size() > 0) {
out.write("\n");
out.write("<table class=\"list\" id=\"loanRecords\">\n");
out.write(" <tr>\n");
out.write(" <th>ID</th>\n");
out.write(" <th>Title</th>\n");
out.write(" <th>Due date</th>\n");
out.write(" <th>Fine</th>\n");
out.write(" </tr>\n");
out.write(" ");
for (int i = 0; i < loanRecords.size(); i++) {
LoanRecord loanRecord = (LoanRecord) loanRecords.get(i);
out.write("\n");
out.write(" <tr class=\"");
out.print(i%2==0?"even":"odd");
out.write("\">\n");
out.write(" <td>");
out.print(loanRecord.id);
out.write("\n");
out.write(" </td>\n");
out.write(" <td>");
out.print(loanRecord.title);
out.write("\n");
out.write(" </td>\n");
out.write(" <td>");
out.print(DateUtil.dateToString(loanRecord.dueDate));
out.write("\n");
out.write(" </td>\n");
out.write(" <td>");
out.print(loanRecord.fine.toString());
out.write("\n");
out.write(" </td>\n");
out.write(" </tr>\n");
out.write(" ");
}
out.write("\n");
out.write("</table>\n");
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
if (!(t instanceof SkipPageException)){
out = _jspx_out;
if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
out.clearBuffer();
if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
}
} finally {
if (_jspxFactory != null) _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
}
}
}
Rant About Final.
final? What if I had wanted to derive from it to create a testing stub? Why would anyone think that generated code is so sacrosanct that I wouldn’t want to override it.
A quick perusal of this code tells us that in order to use an instance of this servlet we need an HttpServletRequest instance, and an HttpServletResponse instance.
Looking a little closer we find that the servlet writes all the HTML to an instance of JspWriter that it gets from something called a PageContext. So, if we could create a mocked up version of JspWriter that saves all this HTML, and a mocked up version of PageContext that delivers the mocked JspWriter, then we could access the written HTML from our tests.
Fortunately the TOMCAT designers decoupled the creation of the JspWriter into a factory named JspFactory. That factory can be overridden! This means that we can get our mocked up JspWriter into the servlet without modifying the servlet. All we need is something like the following code:
class MockJspFactory extends JspFactory {
public PageContext getPageContext(Servlet servlet, ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, String string, boolean b, int i, boolean b1) {
return new MockPageContext(new MockJspWriter());
}
public void releasePageContext(PageContext pageContext) {
}
public JspEngineInfo getEngineInfo() {
return null;
}
}Now we need the mocked JspWriter. For the purposes of this demonstration, I used the following:
MockJspWriter
package com.objectmentor.library.web.framework.mocks;
import javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
public class MockJspWriter extends JspWriter {
private StringBuffer submittedContent;
public MockJspWriter(int bufferSize, boolean autoFlush) {
super(bufferSize, autoFlush);
submittedContent = new StringBuffer();
}
public String getContent() {
return submittedContent.toString();
}
public void print(String arg0) throws IOException {
submittedContent.append(arg0);
}
public void write(char[] arg0, int arg1, int arg2) throws IOException {
for (int i=0; i<arg2; i++)
submittedContent.append(String.valueOf(arg0[arg1++]));
}
public void write(String content) throws IOException {
submittedContent.append(content);
}
// lots of uninteresting methods elided. I just gave them
// degenerate implementations. (e.g. {})
}
Don’t be concerned about the comment regarding all the unimplemented methods I elided. I’ve taken the attitude that I will only implement those methods that I need to get my tests to work. The others I leave with degenerate implementations.
My IDE was very helpful in creating these mocks. It automatically builds method prototypes and degenerate implementations for all the methods of an interface or abstract class that need implementing.
The MockPageContext, MockHttpServletRequest and MockHttServletResponse classes were created in a similar way.
MockPageContext
package com.objectmentor.library.web.framework.mocks;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
public class MockPageContext extends PageContext {
private final JspWriter out;
private HttpServletRequest request;
public MockPageContext(JspWriter out) {
this.out = out;
request = new MockHttpServletRequest();
}
public JspWriter getOut() {
return out;
}
public ServletRequest getRequest() {
return request;
}
// lots of degenerate functions elided.
}
MockHttpServletRequest
package com.objectmentor.library.web.framework.mocks;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.util.*;
public class MockHttpServletRequest implements HttpServletRequest {
private String method;
private String contextPath;
private String requestURI;
private HttpSession session = new MockHttpSession();
private Map parameters = new HashMap();
private Map attributes = new HashMap();
public MockHttpServletRequest(String method, String contextPath,
String requestURI) {
super();
this.method = method;
this.contextPath = contextPath;
this.requestURI = requestURI;
}
public MockHttpServletRequest() {
this("GET");
}
public MockHttpServletRequest(String method) {
this(method, "/Library", "/Library/foo/bar.jsp");
}
public String getContextPath() {
return contextPath;
}
public String getMethod() {
return method;
}
public String getRequestURI() {
return requestURI;
}
public String getServletPath() {
return requestURI.substring(getContextPath().length());
}
public HttpSession getSession() {
return session;
}
public HttpSession getSession(boolean arg0) {
return session;
}
public Object getAttribute(String arg0) {
return attributes.get(arg0);
}
public String getParameter(String arg0) {
return (String) parameters.get(arg0);
}
public Map getParameterMap() {
return parameters;
}
public Enumeration getParameterNames() {
return null;
}
public void setSession(HttpSession session) {
this.session = session;
}
public void setParameter(String s, String s1) {
parameters.put(s, s1);
}
public void setAttribute(String name, Object value) {
attributes.put(name, value);
}
// Lots of degenerate methods elided.
}
MockHttpServletResponse
package com.objectmentor.library.web.framework.mocks;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Locale;
public class MockHttpServletResponse implements HttpServletResponse {
// all functions are implemented to be degenerate.
}
Given these mock objects, I can now create an instance of my loanRecords_jsp servlet and start calling methods on it! Indeed, my first test case looked something like this:
public void testSimpleTest() throws Exception {
MockJspWriter jspWriter = new MockJspWriter();
MockPageContext pageContext = new MockPageContext(jspWriter);
JspFactory.setDefaultFactory(new MockJspFactory(pageContext));
HttpJspBase jspPage = new loanRecords_jsp();
HttpServletRequest request = new MockHttpServletRequest();
HttpServletResponse response = new MockHttpServletResponse();
jspPage._jspInit();
jspPage._jspService(request, response);
assertEquals("", jspWriter.getContent());
}The test fails, as expected, because the content is a bit more than blank – but not much more. If you look carefully at the JSP file you’ll see that it calls request.getAttribute("loanRecords") and expects a List back. But since our test did not create such an attribute, the code throws an exception that is silently caught.
To get real HTML out of this servlet, we need to load up the attributes. Then we can use HtmlUnit to parse that HTML and write tests against it.
HtmlUnit is very simple to use, especially for testing generated web pages like this. There are a few gotcha’s that I described here
Here is the final test that loads the attributes, inspects the HTML with htmlUnit, and passes appropriately:
package com.objectmentor.library.jspTest.books.patrons.books;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.*;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.*;
import com.objectmentor.library.jsp.WEB_002dINF.pages.patrons.books.loanRecords_jsp;
import com.objectmentor.library.utils.*;
import com.objectmentor.library.web.controller.patrons.LoanRecord;
import com.objectmentor.library.web.framework.mocks.*;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
import org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.util.*;
public class LoanRecordsJspTest extends TestCase {
private MockPageContext pageContext;
private MockJspWriter jspWriter;
private JspFactory mockFactory;
private MockHttpServletResponse response;
private MockHttpServletRequest request;
private WebClient webClient;
private TopLevelWindow dummyWindow;
protected void setUp() throws Exception {
jspWriter = new MockJspWriter();
pageContext = new MockPageContext(jspWriter);
mockFactory = new MockJspFactory(pageContext);
JspFactory.setDefaultFactory(mockFactory);
response = new MockHttpServletResponse();
request = new MockHttpServletRequest();
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
dummyWindow = new TopLevelWindow("", webClient);
}
public void testLoanRecordsPageGeneratesAppropriateTableRows() throws Exception {
HttpJspBase jspPage = new loanRecords_jsp();
jspPage._jspInit();
List<LoanRecord> loanRecords = new ArrayList<LoanRecord>();
addLoanRecord(loanRecords,
"99",
"Empire",
DateUtil.dateFromString("2/11/2007"),
new Money(4200));
addLoanRecord(loanRecords,
"98",
"Orbitsville",
DateUtil.dateFromString("2/12/2007"),
new Money(5200));
request.setAttribute("loanRecords", loanRecords);
jspPage._jspService(request, response);
StringWebResponse stringWebResponse = new StringWebResponse(jspWriter.getContent());
HtmlPage page = HTMLParser.parse(stringWebResponse, dummyWindow);
HtmlElement html = page.getDocumentElement();
HtmlTable table = (HtmlTable) html.getHtmlElementById("loanRecords");
List<HtmlTableRow> rows = table.getHtmlElementsByTagName("tr");
assertEquals(3, rows.size());
assertEquals("even", classOfElement(rows.get(1)));
assertEquals("odd", classOfElement(rows.get(2)));
List<HtmlTableDataCell> firstRowCells = rows.get(1).getCells();
assertEquals(4, firstRowCells.size());
List<HtmlTableDataCell> secondRowCells = rows.get(2).getCells();
assertEquals(4, secondRowCells.size());
assertLoanRecordRowEquals("99", "Empire", "02/11/2007", "$42.00", firstRowCells);
assertLoanRecordRowEquals("98", "Orbitsville", "02/12/2007", "$52.00", secondRowCells);
}
private String classOfElement(HtmlTableRow firstDataRow) {return firstDataRow.getAttributeValue("class");}
private void assertLoanRecordRowEquals(String id, String title, String dueDate, String fine, List<HtmlTableDataCell> rowCells) {
assertEquals(id, rowCells.get(0).asText());
assertEquals(title, rowCells.get(1).asText());
assertEquals(dueDate, rowCells.get(2).asText());
assertEquals(fine, rowCells.get(3).asText());
}
private void addLoanRecord(List<LoanRecord> loanRecords, String id, String title, Date dueDate, Money fine) {
LoanRecord loanRecord = new LoanRecord();
loanRecord.id = id;
loanRecord.title = title;
loanRecord.dueDate = dueDate;
loanRecord.fine = fine;
loanRecords.add(loanRecord);
}
private class MockJspFactory extends JspFactory {
private PageContext pageContext;
public MockJspFactory(PageContext pageContext) {
this.pageContext = pageContext;
}
public PageContext getPageContext(Servlet servlet, ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, String string, boolean b, int i, boolean b1) {
return pageContext;
}
public void releasePageContext(PageContext pageContext) {
}
public JspEngineInfo getEngineInfo() {
return null;
}
}
}
This test makes sure that the generated HTML has the appropriate content contained within the rows of a table. The test does expect to see a table, and expects the rows to appear in the appropriate order. It also ensures that the rows will have alternating styles. Other than that, all issues of form and syntax are ignored.
Conclusion
The technique described here can be used to test virtually any static web page, or portion thereof outside of a container, and without a webserver running. It is relatively simple to set up; and then very easy to extend. With it, you can spin around the edit/compile/test loop very quickly, and can easily follow the rules of Test Driven Development.
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No, no, what are you doing? Didn’t you see the “do not revive” request? JSP must die.
Brian (and other readers),
Do you have any experience with alternative Java web frameworks, like Tapestry, Cocoon, etc. I’m curious to hear other opinions about alternative frameworks. Thx.
Brian,
Never fear. I’ll also be doing a blog in this series on Velocity. As for JSP, I’m sorry to have to tell you this but one of the corrolaries to Murphy’s law is: The good things you do will pass away, but your mistakes live on forever.
Really interesting article. I did this for a spring mvc app. I got the same code as tomcat however, when I run it I get an exception (which I make the mock propogate up).
Caused by: java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext.getVariableResolver()Ljavax/servlet/jsp/el/VariableResolver; at org.apache.jasper.runtime.PageContextImpl.proprietaryEvaluate(PageContextImpl.java:917) at
Any ideas? Does this mean that I’m running the test with the wrong things in the classpath? This wouldn’t normally happen (in tomcat) else the page would render nothing.
The offending line in the compiled jsp is: org.apache.jasper.runtime.PageContextImpl.proprietaryEvaluate(”${myVariable}”. blah, blah);
Re: Rant About Final.
> Why is this class declared final?
There are performance issues.
See also: http://www.javaperformancetuning.com/tips/final.shtml
Uncle Bob,
This is really an invigorative thing. I am really looking forward of this series that cover in detail, for instance, what if there is a inside, and some other situations.
May be you miss one thing – There should be a default constructor exists within class MockJspWriter:
Uncle Bob,
When will you finish your next blog in this series? We, engineers working in hp, are really looking forward to see that:-)
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One of the more annoying aspects of working on a web application is that you have to deploy it in order to test it. This doesn’t apply to everything of course; if you are careful with your design you can test the business rules in plain old java objects. You can test database access, interface layers, and stored procedures without the web server running. But testing the GUI – the HTML produced from the JSP files – is very hard to do unless the system has been deployed.
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All the docs will tell you to use that ant task. However, I found that it doesn’t work well when you have custom tags. Maybe I’m just dumb, or maybe there is a bug in Jasper
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That factory can be overridden! This means that we can get our mocked up JspWriter into the servlet without modifying the servlet. All we need is something like the following code
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This test makes sure that the generated HTML has the appropriate content contained within the rows of a table. The test does expect to see a table, and expects the rows to appear in the appropriate order. It also ensures that the rows will have alternating styles. Other than that, all issues of form and syntax are ignored.
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The final game but calm, only the yellow jersey troops Shrek kill out, no one popped challenge the first two master, and then the distance, the large Shrek can not be a magical go-ahead, looking for the most in front of two fight. Samuel – Sanchez get stage wins, won his first title on the stage of the Tour de France! This is a somewhat unexpected result, as he won in the Beijing Olympic Games men’s road race accident
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Drag racing is very interesting, but stressed that safety awareness.Ag2r Cycling jersey Things must first slow down in advance, and then pull over. Winding Road down the mountain to cut bend, do not brake into the corner deceleration, cornering, and then accelerate.HTC Cycling Jersey Down when not to go beyond the yellow line of the middle of the road, one is afraid of head-vehicle, the second is the fear of tire pressing the yellow paint slip, after the rain even more.bike clothing Cut curved inertia heels pedal so as not to touch the ground caused by the fall car accident. To pay attention to the ice in winter, palm-sized ice fell and forgot their own Xingsha.BMC Cycling Jerseys In addition, once into the village, to slow down the ride, or whipped out of nowhere sprang a chicken or a dog,Livestrong cycling jersey rather abruptly pinch gate is likely to lie ditch
It seems to me that you have all the ingredients for a very nice ride.Oakley Cycling Sunglasses First, there is a good battle on the horizon: Contador-Andy Schleck.Up to the national championships I had some doubts about the shape of Contador,Cycling Arm Warmer after the good performance and the likely alliance with Movistar gained for me favoritissimo than Andy. Also because the Luxembourg, which will surely be in great shape, Cycling Jersey I have no doubt about this, has some gaps tactics and character team cycling cap (see Liege this year) and above all the pressure on him: Contador has already won the round, all other claimants are less popular.
Winter riding,Cap Team Cycling Jersey such as feel skin itching and irritation, numbness or even blistersas soon as possible with frostbite cream gently daub and do the local heat preservation. Must not for itch and rub hard. After a long ride two feet swollen congestion. Rest to lie low, as far as possible put pads high, to promote the blood circulation.
If there is easy flights slope,Castelli Cycling Jerseys also can head towards the earth lie down and rest for a while or put your foot on bike rest.Long-distance bike trip, be sure to note that food hygiene, otherwise halfway fell ill, his not suffer, but also will bring trouble companion.After the body to finish the whole ride is won’t have too big of a problem.
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Almost 80% will be cycling, but not many people riding a car,Ropa de Ciclismo Santini the highest level of professional athletes than the bike. Ordinary bicycle is only a means of transport, to master the balance will be able to pedal to work, school, go grocery shopping. Racing is a professional equipment, not only in the range of equipment is different from the ordinary bicycle, Ropa Ciclista Treksafety awareness is also completely different. Ordinary bicycle needs only to comply with traffic rules can be in the city, while racing in the countryside, riding on the Hill, the rider of all sides of vehicles to and from will pose a great threat, Equipaciones Ciclistas so they need a higher level of safety awareness. Keep in mind, cycling is not equal to ride a car.
Drag racing is very interesting, but stressed that safety awareness.Ag2r Cycling jersey Things must first slow down in advance, and then pull over. Winding Road down the mountain to cut bend, do not brake into the corner deceleration, cornering, and then accelerate.HTC Cycling Jersey Down when not to go beyond the yellow line of the middle of the road, one is afraid of head-vehicle, the second is the fear of tire pressing the yellow paint slip, after the rain even more.bike clothing Cut curved inertia heels pedal so as not to touch the ground caused by the fall car accident. To pay attention to the ice in winter, palm-sized ice fell and forgot their own Xingsha.BMC Cycling Jerseys In addition, once into the village, to slow down the ride, or whipped out of nowhere sprang a chicken or a dog,Livestrong cycling jersey rather abruptly pinch gate is likely to lie ditch
Quickly, our veteran Victor Forero, Vitihv for fans of our chat room, selected a hotel on your own,(Liquigas Team Jersey) we joined other participants. The entry list seemed plentiful, but began to fall candidates for different reasons: remoteness, family issues, work, some could only route on Saturday and Sunday would … but the call went on. To make matters worse,(Euskaltel Euskadi Team Jersey) between the second and third week of (HTC Team Jersey)February came a wave of freezing cold, and if needed some strong arguments indecisive, this was the final, but, let’s see: this was no fly "Siberian&
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In cycling, there are things far worse than doping.?Oakley Cycling Sunglasses? The demonstration of low professionalism, disparage certain races or ‘pasotismo’ in its most original … Andy Schleck has a bit of those three. A lack of involvement throughout the season in the different races he has played has joined a war of words all released in the media between him,?Astana cycling shorts? the first defense of his brother for the withdrawal of this in the Giro d’Italia and then to save his pride in front of his manager Johan Bruyneel on what we do not know for sure if it was more a campaign to discredit ?Ag2r team cycling jersey?his own athletic director or a simple self-defense.The truth is that Andy has little to respond. You no longer have excuses. His retirement in the Dauphine is just the icing on the cake and,?Cycling Jerseys? in fact, the more justified than it is to be a dismal year.
And not just for "bad luck" as he alleges. His numbers this season are ridiculous, ?Cycling jerseys?just accumulates twenty days of competition and in all the races he has taken out has done as discreetly as possible, including dropouts. 97 ° in the only stage of the Challenge de Mallorca he played, 32 th overall in the Tour of Oman where in the final top of Green Mountain, (Liquigas Team Jersey)the first test in mountain and racing of the season that won Vincenzo Nibali not enter or between top 20.He came to the Paris-Nice, first turning point of the year for all (HTC Team Jersey)major candidates for the Tour de France and left in the third stage. Same way, and at the same time, he got off the bike in the Tour of Catalunya. Changed Tour of Basque Country to go to the Circuit de la Sarthe, (Euskaltel Euskadi Team Jersey)where it was 21 degrees (the lowest level in all 2012), and the classic rose with a sultry 91 degrees in the Amstel Gold Race, 81 ° in the Fleche Wallonne and 50 ° in the Liege.
Los efectos de la bicicleta todos los días eran tan beneficiosos para la mujer Dallastown(maillot ciclista), PA, que cuando su empleador se trasladó temporalmente la oficina de casi 10 kilómetros de su casa, ella seguía a caballo. Sus compa?eros de trabajo no podía creer que la se?ora Stafford, entonces en sus 50 a?os de edad,(Ropa Ciclista Nalini) iba a continuar el viaje en bicicleta. Ella lo hizo y cuando la oficina se trasladó a su ubicación original, se ajustó la ruta para que ella todavía podía andar casi 10 millas en cada dirección.(Ropa Ciclista Trek) En invierno, la Sra. Stafford puso los neumáticos de nieve con clavos en su bicicleta y vestido en capas(Maillot Ciclista Movistar
The National High Performance Mountain Bike program consists of Cross Country and Down Hill/4X sections. The National Cross Country Program is managed by Head Coach default.aspNeil Ross and has extensive experience in the respective disciplines as both athletes and as elite coaches. Monton Cycling Jersey
Riding activities, riding movement learned riding sport needs a strong will, also need some equipment. Having a bike and will not be a happy riding sports. Jersey is riding sports an indispensable part. Riding the best movement has a suit of Netapp Cycling Jersey.
Thick mesh fabrics’ McDonalds Team Cycling Jersey are not suitable for wearing What’s more,the breathable performance of thick fleece fabric is poor, being unable to meet the demand of air permeability The fabric is thick and inside with fluff The fabric is thick and inside with fluff. Team Cycle Jersey Clothing
Thick mesh fabrics’ McDonalds Team Cycling Jersey are not suitable for wearing What’s more,the breathable performance of thick fleece fabric is poor, being unable to meet the demand of air permeability The fabric is thick and inside with fluff The fabric is thick and inside with fluff. Team Cycle Jersey Clothing
It is very dangerous for the athletes, caused the athlete to be injured Monton Cycling Jersey When you need to replace the new tire in the competition,Team Cycle Jersey Clothing you should install the new tire to ride above 50 kilometers If excessively small, then the friction force is enlarged with ground, and increase the nonessential physical strength consumption
So you should pay more attention to the maintenance McDonalds Team Cycling Jersey When you need to replace the new tire in the competition, you should install the new tire to ride above 50 kilometers You can select 200 to 300 grams tires in the competition according to the road surface situation
when you are training and competition,CSC Cycling Jersey they are extremely easy to be damaged Tere is not having any questions after confirmed, and then use it
The competition bicycle tires are tube shape and the walls of tire are very thin when you are training and competition,Ag2r Team Cycling they are extremely easy to be damaged when you are training and competition, they are extremely easy to be damaged
The tires are thinner,Bianchi Cycling Jersey and they are smaller friction with the road surface It is very dangerous for the athletes, caused the athlete to be injured
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If excessively small, then the friction force is enlarged with ground, and increase the nonessential physical strength consumption when you are training and competition, Monton Cycling Jersey they are extremely easy to be damaged It is very dangerous for the athletes, caused the athlete to be injured.
The bicycle vehicle race tires are divided into many kinds of models according to their weight McDonalds Team Cycling Jersey It is advantageous in improving the vehicle’s forward speed It is very dangerous for the athletes, caused the athlete to be injured.
when you are training and competition, CSC Cycling Jersey they are extremely easy to be damaged What’s more, it can reduce the road surface with the tire contact face in the bicycle load situation so that decrease the friction force Astana Cycling Jerseys Especially ride in the velodrome, and the tires barometric pressure has been small sliding easily down from the wheel.
So you should pay more attention to the maintenanceThe bicycle vehicle race tires are divided into many kinds of models according to their weight Cannondale Team Cycling Jersey Do you know that what’s the goal to pour into certain gas in the tires? Ag2r Team Cycling Shorts It can make the bicycle have certain elasticity and reduce the radial direction to jolt the strength to the wheel rim the impact.
You can select 200 to 300 grams tires in the competition Bianchi Cycling Jersey according to the road surface situation when you are training and competition,they are extremely easy to be damaged.
If excessively small, then the friction force is enlarged with ground, and increase the nonessential physical strength consumption when you are training and competition, Monton Cycling Jersey they are extremely easy to be damaged It is very dangerous for the athletes, caused the athlete to be injured.
The bicycle vehicle race tires are divided into many kinds of models according to their weight McDonalds Team Cycling Jersey It is advantageous in improving the vehicle’s forward speed It is very dangerous for the athletes, caused the athlete to be injured.
when you are training and competition, CSC Cycling Jersey they are extremely easy to be damaged What’s more, it can reduce the road surface with the tire contact face in the bicycle load situation so that decrease the friction force Astana Cycling Jerseys Especially ride in the velodrome, and the tires barometric pressure has been small sliding easily down from the wheel.
So you should pay more attention to the maintenanceThe bicycle vehicle race tires are divided into many kinds of models according to their weight Cannondale Team Cycling Jersey Do you know that what’s the goal to pour into certain gas in the tires? Ag2r Team Cycling Shorts It can make the bicycle have certain elasticity and reduce the radial direction to jolt the strength to the wheel rim the impact.
You can select 200 to 300 grams tires in the competition Bianchi Cycling Jersey according to the road surface situation when you are training and competition,they are extremely easy to be damaged.
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