A Coverage Metric That Matters 222
How much test coverage should your code have? 80%? 90%? If you’ve been writing tests from the beginning of your project, you probably have a percentage that hovers around 90%, but what about the typical project? The project which was started years ago, and contains hundreds of thousands of lines of code? Or millions of lines of code? What can we expect from it?
One of the things that I know is that in these code bases, one could spend one’s entire working life writing tests without doing anything else. There’s simply that much untested code. It’s better to write tests for the new code that you write and write tests for existing code you have to change, at the time you have to change it. Over time, you get more coverage, but your coverage percentage isn’t a goal. The goal is to make your changes safely. In a large existing code base, you may never get more than 20% coverage over its lifetime.
Changes occur in clusters in applications. There’s some code that you will simply never change and there’s other areas of code which change quite often. The other day it occurred to me that we could use that fact to arrive at a better metric, one that is a bit less disheartening and also gives us a sense of our true progress.
The metric I’m thinking about is percentage of commits on files which are covered by tests relative to the number of commits on files without tests.
In the beginning, you can expect to have a very low percentage, but as you start to get tests in place for changes that you make, your percentage will rise rapidly. If you write tests for all of your changes, it will continue to rise. At a certain point, you may want to track only a window of commits, say, the commits which have happened only in the last year. When you do this, you can end up very close to 100%.
If you think this through, it might seem a bit dodgy on a couple of fronts. The first is that having tests for code within a file does not mean that that code is completely covered by those tests. But, I often find that the hardest part of getting started with unit testing is getting classes isolated enough from their dependencies to be testable in a harness at all. Another dodgy bit is the fact that once you get some tests in place for a file, all of the commits you’ve ever done for that file count in the percentage. Again, that’s okay for fundamentally the same reason. Once you start getting coverage, you are in a good position with that particular code.
What about the moving window? If you track this metric over, say, the last N months of commits, you’ll progressively lose information about the code that you just aren’t changing. To me, that’s fine. Coverage matters for the code that we are changing.
The metric I’m considering (maybe we can call it ‘change coverage’) gives us information about how tests are really impacting our day to day work. Moreover, it’s likely that it would be a good motivational tool, and really, that’s one of the things that a good metric should be.
That’s a nice metric for legacy projects without tests. I hope it catches up.
Would the number of bugs and level of rework not ultimately be the best metric to track?
That is the underlying motivation for increasing coverage in this case after all. Any metrics will be maximised so why not measure against the root problem you’re trying to address rather than a side effect?
“It’s better to write tests for the new code that you write and write tests for existing code you have to change, at the time you have to change it. Over time, you get more coverage, but your coverage percentage isn’t a goal. The goal is to make your changes safely.”
Couldn’t have said it better myself. On a large untested legacy codebase, you’re just spinning your wheels trying to get the whole thing under test. As you said, one could spend an indeterminate amount of time engaged in this task. It’s the change points that matter. “Change coverage” is a brilliant idea.
I’m confused as to why you want to have a relative metric. Wouldn’t you just want to put a stake in the ground and say from this point forward all changes need 100% coverage? (Compounded by the fact that coverage itself is an overloaded term. I’m assuming you mean line/statement)
Personally, I am more interested in a metric that is a little harder to gauge, behavioural coverage rather code coverage. Not that code coverage is not important, it is, but I have seen developers getting 90%+ code coverage and significantly less behavioural coverage. But for some reason many seem overly fixed on the importance of the former, almost to the exclusion of the latter.
I have done some experiment with similar “diff” metrics. In my case I measured the degree of internal documentation, i e how large part of public methods that had javadoc – call it “documentation coverage”.
The total ratio where depressingly hovering around 20%, and slowly changed to 21 or 22% due to our efforts. But, then we started measuring the changes. So, from one week to the next, we checked the change in number of javadoced public methods, compared to the change in total number of public methods. And then the ratio where around 80% and differed from week to week in an interesting way. So, we still left some dirt behind, but were far better then average, which the team needed to see at the time.
The really interesting part was the week when we had a “diff-ratio” of 600%, meaning that we had actually documented far more public methods than we had added. Boost in team spirit was enormous. So it was a metric that mattered more than the average “documentation coverage”.
This is exactly the metric I’m tracking although in a different way that isn’t quite so dodgy :). I’ve recently mandated that all new and modified methods must have unit tests. We use NDepend and have a CQL rule that gives us code coverage on the new and modified methods. If I look at our code coverage overall, it’s about 1% because we have 2.4 million lines of legacy code without tests. However, on new and modified methods, we have 100% code coverage. In fact, the build breaks if we don’t have 90% coverage based on the rule.
Of course, we then include the unit tests in our code review to make sure that not only do we have 100% coverage, but that all relevant cases are covered.
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How are you going to measure ‘level of rework’? Won’t that be a metric as well?
Oh, an I don’t like metrics. But when a good metric is accepted, it is relatively easy to calculate and in 80% of cases it highlights a problem.
Michael, thanks for this metric idea. At a previous company, WEwLC helped us get a significant amount of a system into a testable state, but arguably the single hardest part for everybody was getting past that sense of futility - “We’ll never make a difference”. It’s a false feeling of futility - every little bit does help—but a metric like this that shows that progress in a tangible way could help preserve that seed of encouragement in those fragile early days. Tucking this away for the future…
What about a metric that measures the usefulness of tests? For example a test that has to be updated every time the code is changed (regardless of the correctness of the change) seems to be a simple resource drain. A test that succeeds even when bugs are introduced is probably a little worse. The test that earns its wage is that which fails when a bug is introduced but its rewards should be shared amongst those tests that lie in wait to do the same but, for the moment, pass succesfully because there are no bugs.
>>Wouldn’t you just want to put a stake in the ground and say from this point forward all changes need 100% coverage?
Test coverage of 100% doesn’t tell if you test all the possible paths in the code
function x (a,b) if a==”A” then Y if b==”B” then Z
could easily be tested with 100% but that doesn’t mean you have tested doing all paths in the code like
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This simply falls into “what you measure is what you get” category. I used to think that the only right percentage of code coverage is 100%. Then I learned it is utterly wrong. Getting 100% coverage is easy but you get tests which are pretty much useless.
In my current team we keep about 80% coverage and it is a product we build from a scratch (no legacy code). One trick we use, we always write test for a case which was submitted as a bug. We have no metric for that though.
And talking about metrics I like your idea but in projects like ours we’d quickly get to 100% (or very close) and would be able to keep it even if we wrote fewer and fewer tests over time. On the other hand, for legacy code it should work great.
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How much test coverage should your code have?
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Personally, I am more interested in a metric that is a little harder to gauge, behavioural coverage rather code coverage. Not that code coverage is not important, it is, but I have seen developers getting 90%+ code coverage and significantly less behavioural coverage. But for some reason many seem overly fixed on the importance of the former, almost to the exclusion of the latter.
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I tend to concentrate in effort on new code. Your idea would work well on legacy. It always comes down to time and money though and nothing in this world is perfect so the cake can be cut in various ways.
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There is always some code that you will simply never change and there’s other areas of code which change quite often and this will be true for all software I would have thought.
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This is exactly the metric I’m tracking although in a different way that isn’t quite so dodgy :). I’ve recently mandated that all new and modified methods must have unit tests. We use NDepend and have a CQL rule that gives us code coverage on the new and modified methods. If I look at our code coverage overall, it’s about 1% because we have 2.4 million lines of legacy code without tests. However, on new and modified methods, we have 100% code coverage. In fact, the build breaks if we don’t have 90% coverage based on the rule.
Of course, we then include the unit tests in our code review to make sure that not only do we have 100% coverage, but that all relevant cases are covered.
Dont believe in non testing.
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I’m baffled why you wish to have a very relative measurement. Wouldn’t you need to place a new stake in the earth as well as declare from here forwards all adjustments will need 100% insurance? (Worsened because insurance itself is the overloaded time period. I’m supposing you imply line/statement)
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The metric I’m thinking about is percentage of commits on files which are covered by tests relative to the number of commits on files without tests.
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