A Wish List for the Next Mainstream Programming Language 133
It’s been fun watching the reactions to new features in C# 4.0. Some people love them. Others wonder, legitimately, where it is all going to end. The argument for feature addition is simple: over time we find better ways of doing things and our languages, as tools, should allow us that flexibility. The only downside to this strategy is that you end up with sprawling, complex languages over time – you never get to revisit the foundations.
Fortunately, however, people design new languages all the time and some of them do eventually enter the mainstream. We get a chance to start over and address foundational problems. And, that’s nice because we can do better than Java and C# for mainstream development and I don’t think there is any way to mutate either language into a better foundation.
Before I launch into the wish list, however, I want to set the context.
When I say “mainstream language” I am talking about languages which are in the Java/C#/VB market space – languages which are light on rocket science, seen as suitable for large-scale development, and don’t scare people. So, I’m not going to suggest dynamic typing or (on the other side of the coin) tight Hindley-Milner type systems and lazy evaluation. I love those approaches and I’m happy (in particular) that Ruby is gaining widespread acceptance, but I’m not going to fight that fight here. In the immediate future, for whatever reason, there will be development shops which feel much more comfortable with traditional static typing – the kind found in Java, C#, and VB. Given that, the question becomes: what can we do to make that sort of language better?
Here’s my list:
- Immutability by Default – Over the past few years, a rather broad consensus has emerged around the idea that code is easier to understand and maintain when it has less mutable state. This isn’t a new idea; it’s been around for as long as functional programming, but our recent concerns with concurrency and our move toward multi-core computing just underscore the state problem. A mainstream language should, at the very least, make mutable data something special. References should be immutable by default and mutable state should be marked by a special keyword so that its use leaps out at you. It’s too late for the current crop of languages to make such a pervasive change, but the next mainstream language could.
- Support for Components – In large-scale development, teams have to manage usage and dependency across an organization. The notions of public, protected, and private are too coarse as protection mechanisms, and we really need scopes larger than class, assembly, and package. In the end, this sort of protection is a social issue, so we should have mechanisms which make use very easy within a team (3-10 people working together) and somewhat more manageable between teams. It’s odd that language-based support for this work stopped with Ada and the Modula family of languages. Java’s recent move toward support for modules seems to be an exception.
- Support for Scoped and Explicit Metaprogramming – In the past, language designers avoided adding meta-programming support to their languages because they were scared it would be abused. However, we’ve learned that without meta-programming support, people create yet another distinctive type of mess. If there is a middle ground for mainstream languages it probably involves scoping the use of metaprogramming and making it far more detectable. If, for instance, all of the code which modifies a given component had to be registered with some easily locatable component-specific construct, maintenance would be much easier.
- Support for Testing – This one is only a matter of time, I think. In the last 10 years we’ve seen an explosion of mocking tools and testing frameworks. It’s not clear to me that we’ve reached any sort of consensus yet, but I suspect that at the very least we could add constructs to a language which make mocking and stubbing much easier. It’s also about time that languages attempt to solve the problems that dependency injection addresses.
- Imposed I/O Separation – This is the controversial one. The more I work with Haskell, the more I notice that there is a beneficial discipline that comes from factoring your program so that its points of contact with the outside world can not be mixed with the pieces doing the work. When you first start to work that way, it feels like a straitjacket, but I think the benefit is apparent to anyone who has had to go on a spelunking expedition in an application to find and mock parts of the system which touch the outside world. Is that discipline too much for a mainstream language? I hope not.
So, that’s my list. There is no “grand language planning board” which decides these things. We will move forward chaotically like ever other industry, but I do hope that some of these features make it into the next mainstream programming language.
Great post!
Some thoughts:
1: completely agree. Immutability is something that should be default! I’ve taken this lesson from my Haskell courses at school.
2: A simple idea: do away with ‘em completely. They’re just causing more harm/hassle than they buy.
But thinking about it for more than a few seconds—this is a tough question – one that I feel reveal the conflict between testability and interfaces/IntelliSense/code clients.
One idea would be for classes to implement some kind of hinting towards the compiler, similar to overriding Equals() and GetHashCode() in java/c#. Question is – would it be better than public/internal/protected/private/whatnot?
A try at expressing the general problem -Haskell solves this by making “module APIs” explicit. Modules have to declare what is visible to the outside world (default: everything). Any code on the inside is visible to all other code, alsways (in one file/module). So in Haskell there is no need to “tag” every single atom with public/private/whatnot.
In any case – simplicity will be part of the solution I am certain.
3. Yeah I’ve gone down the code-generator-road more than once being “locked into” C# for the last few years. But I don’t disregard the code-generator-road very much (but I would like better support for it inside Visual Studio .. it is kind of hackish to get it to work slick in that environment!).
One positive side of code-generator-road is that the “main language” could be kept simpler.
4. Agreed. I like pythons attempt - doctest - where the documentation of classes/methods also serve as unit test code.
5. Yeah while I do see where you’re coming from (Haskell monads etc. - been there to) - and having TDDed my way out of more than one dependency jungle myself—I can see this in the future too. But it is a distant future.
How much of this list is covered by F# ?
Please, kill this squalid language!
Echoing Matt – F# is it (IMHO)
I’m with anonymous.
It’s also about time that languages attempt to solve the problems that dependency injection addresses.
I don’t see how this can be done and would be interested what you have in mind. I know the way the Java-world addresses DI (using ad-hoc XML-configuration languages, as for example Spring does) is not really very appealing. Switching to a dynamic language would allow one to specify dependencies more easily in the regular host language, but apart from that, I don’t see any possibilities to simplify the mechanics of DI (or alternatives). I’d appreciate very much if you could elaborate this a bit more.
F# is nothing more than a complete copy of OCaml, which is derived from Caml and SML. Their pattern matching/type deconstructing is really nice!
Compiler extensibility is king IMHO. Take a look at the .Net-language Boo. It’s an enabler for productivity. And if there is one thing our industry really need, it is tools for increasing our productivity.
Fabulous post, Michael. You have awakened a variety of now-suppressed desires; please forgive the length. I want all of what you suggest (except perhaps #4; I’ve not tried it yet), and more!
Regarding #1, I’d love to see that be a pervasive principle, so much so that common objects (like List and Set) are immutable as well, requiring extra work for mutability. And that in general, all the language libraries only give you mutable things when it’s required.
Related to #2, I think defaulting to privacy would be a great start, too.
As to other things I’m after:
Something I’ve always wanted is a better focus on, for a lack of a better term, run-time self-description. I’m forever figuring out how to wedge logging, state description, and diagnostic context data in to programs in a way that’s both pervasive and not absurdly obtrusive. I would love it if a language took that seriously.
I’d also be delighted to see first-class support for refactoring, especially of APIs. I want more freedom to refactor without making giant messes for other people. I want the software equivalent of the web-server redirect baked in, so shims and adapters for old APIs are easy, consistent, and managed mostly automatically. And I’d like to be able to easily provide API users with a set of automated transformations that bring their code as up to date as possible, with notes on where they need to fix the rest.
Related to that would be serious library management. I don’t know how it is in MS-land (although based on DLL hell, probably not so good), but there are a lot of one-eyed Java programmers who have been forced to stab themselves after accidentally glancing at an explanation of how Java classloaders work (or, more accurately, don’t).
As long as I’m dreaming, that leads me to another eternal absence: a plausible story on addressing the various common use cases for a mainstream language. The reason that there are almost no Java command-line programs, for example, is because Java puts every barrier possible in the way of that. Difficult to call from the command line. Poor argument handling. Years without any easy way to distribute a runnable thing as a unit. Incredibly slow startup times. Version issues. And as I mentioned, library issues out the wazoo.
Which brings me to what I really, really want: for the language designers, from the first week, to work in a big room with a lot of devs using the evolving language to make different kinds of shippable software. Without that, I think any from-scratch language is destined to either be a hodge-podge (coughperlcough) or something that’s great only in theory—and for a strictly limited set of theories mainly based on what’s wrong with the last generation of languages.
And with a sense of mercy for your audience, Michael, I’ll stop here, as it turns out I’ve been holding things like this in for years. :-)
I’ve had this “Zero:th argument idea” floating around for some time.
When a thread of execution enters a method, it not only gets hold of argument one to N, but it also gets hold of a “namespace of types+functions”—the whole context it executes in.
For example:void MyMethod(int a, int b) { // in here, we can use ANYTHING // for example, we can use fopen, // printf or whatever is available in the // "total namespace" at this point. }I’d like to call that “total namespace” the “Zero:th argument” to the method:
void MyMethod(0th context, int a, int b) { // context available here - it is the zero:th argument }Much of my experience from testing comes down to what Michael describes as dependency injection – that we make available a small context to the method under test, so that we can sense the effects the method has on that context.
And assume the method will not be using fopen() and friends—something we really cannot “test us out of” in any way I can think of.
What if the next mainstream language made the Zero:th argument explicit instead of implicit? So that you had to specify which “things you were to use”? And then the unit test code could override the meaning of that context-content, just as we use dependency injection today?
One more addition to wish list: Integrate all concurrency primitives with language constructs. We don’t need N libraries/frameworks with N concurrency abstractions. IMO, this is essential to promote uniform concurrent programming.
One more addition to wish list: Integrate all concurrency primitives with language constructs. We don’t need N libraries/frameworks with N concurrency abstractions. IMO, this is essential to promote uniform concurrent programming.
It’s a bit different, but Oz ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(programming_language) ) has many of the characteristics that you list.
Looks like Clojure has most of the features you’d like to see (except of the I/O separation). Making multithreading easier ootb and playing very nice with Java are a bonus.
Two things I’ve been thinking I’ve wanted in a language for a while are:
1. left to write assigning so I can write:
(do this) (assign result) (to this); eg:
myObj.calculateNumber() => someVariable;
I don’t know, I think in left to right, so I’m constantly finding I have to Jump around my line, I write the end and then have to go back and write the start. If I could have a standard new() method as a constructor and a ==> to mean something like ‘var’ in C# then I’d love to able to write a line like the way I find my self writing them in reverse now:
MyClass.new() = => myObj;
2. I’d like my methods to be able to accept parameters ‘mid sentence’. so for example I could write a method like
public string Replace(string find)With(string replace){}
so I could write code like:
myString.Replace(“old”)With(“new”) => newString;
Cheers,
Ben.
@Ben:
You can get similar readability with named parameters:
myString.Replace(“old”, with=“new”)
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As an ex-game coder I agree with his empasis on concurrency, this is only going to be more and more important and not just in games. This is the major angle people interested in functional programming can leverage with people interested in performance.
Then again the only success I had in getting functional code into a game engine was a scene-graph scripting language which would have been hell to debug if it had side-effects.
Not sure about being able to eliminate all numerical/array index etc. exceptions though. A lot or most maybe but not all IMO.
Also not sure about lenient eval’ either. Cazare in Bucuresti
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Interesting post. I came across it ‘cause I was looking for comment on Tim Sweeney’s talk with a similar title.
I agree on most points except for language support for testing. I tend to think that’s a place for libraries. Can’t agree more on the immutable-first principle. Support for modules – though I think .NET does a pretty good job here (certainly compared with JDK 6). Not sure if modules is really a language issue or an implementation/build/system-construction issue. I’d like to see Scheme style macro system as the meta-programming mechanism. The Scala system for meta-programming works pretty well – many problems solved by macros can equally be solved with lazy parameters. On the last point, instead of calling it I/O separation, I think it’s better to say separating pure code from impure. As an aspiring programming language designer, this is an area which requires the most type theory and I feel that I’m not quite up to the challenge yet. Seems that dependent types are all the rage and quite useful here.
I’d like to see a more Pascal/Modula/ML style syntax – rather than C. ActionScript and Scala have taken this direction in recent years. Function types are much more readable.
It’s possible that Haskell could “get up” as a mainstream language. It has many of these features, an excellent and liberally licensed implementation. I’ve learnt Haskell (though am far from mastery) and I like the language, I just find it hard to love it, although I try :).
I’d like to see more control of data layout (similar to C). This is useful for games programming (and other systems-level programming such as OS or DBMS and high performance computing). I’ve got some ideas about various pointer/reference implementations that restrict what can be referred to and may lead to better memory management / garbage collection. Also leads to efficient persistence and network message passing and the revival of memory mapping tricks. This amounts to language support for something like Joe Armstrong’s UDF or Google Protobufs etc.
In the implementation, I’d also like to see a revival of platform agnosticism amongst language designers. Not just a .NET language or a JVM language. The language should be designed to be happy on the CLR/CLI, JVM, JavaScript (Browser/node.js), C, LLVM. Other interesting targets would be PHP (since hosting for web apps is still the most economical) and Flash/AVM. Some ground is being made here in the Haskell and OCaml communities. However, the language closest to my ideal in this regard is Haxe – perhaps because I’d like to design a programming language suitable for games programming. Other languages to watch are: Haskell, DDC, ATS (ML with dependent types), OCaml, F#, C# (in particular a Pascal/ML syntaxed C#—would be a good starting point). Even though they appear dead, much inspiration can be taken from Oz and Alice ML. Great inspiration can be taken from Clojure too (“just” add static typing) and experiences from the Digital Mars D effort.
Wondering if you’ve seen your next mainstream language in the wild? Any more recent thoughts on the subject?
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